单晶Ni基合金高温蠕变期间γ''''定向粗化驱动力的有限元分析

为研究γ＇相定向粗化现象,采用有限元方法（ＦＥＭ）计算了单晶 Ｎｉ基γ和γ＇双相合金有／无外加载荷时的热错配应力及应变能密度．结果表明：外加载荷改变了γ和γ＇相内的ｖｏｎ Ｍｉｓｅｓ应力及应变能密度分布,与弹性应变相联系的共格应变能变化是γ＇相定向粗化的驱动力．外加拉伸或压缩应力,引起立方γ＇相不同界面晶格发生挤压或扩张应变,晶格的挤压应变可排斥γ＇相中原子半径较大的ＡＩ,Ｔａ等溶质元素;扩张的晶格可诱捕这些元素,以促进γ＇相的定向生长,因此,沿（１００）方向扩张晶格的法线方向是γ＇相形筏的生长方向．随γ＇相弹性扩张晶格应变及γ相粘滞塑性流变的增加,元素扩散及γ＇相形筏速率提高。     

镍基单晶高温合金定向粗化行为的取向依赖性Ⅱ有限元分析

本文对点阵错配力和施加外载后的内应力大小及分布进行了有限元计算。结果表明,基体通道的应力分布与γ＇颗粒的定向粗化有密切联系。定向粗化的驱动力是塑性变形不均匀分布导致的错配力各向异性松弛。     

一种高增益Boost变换器的研究与分析

针对传统Boost变换器升压能力不足的缺点,在传统Boost变换器的基础上结合电感串并联充放电的工作特性,提出一种高增益Boost变换器。对其在连续工作模式和断续工作模式下的工作原理和性能特点分别进行了分析,并建立了小信号模型,分析其稳定性。分析结果表明该变换器拓扑能实现较大的电压增益,且输入电流连续、电源电压利用率高、输出电压稳定,连续工作模式和断续工作模式之间的转换主要取决于电感值的大小。最后,通过仿真分析和试验研究验证了该变换器的正确性和可行性。     

A medial‐axis‐based model for propagating cracks in a regularised bulk

A new continuous‐discontinuous strategy for the simulation of failure is presented. The continuous bulk is regularised by means of a gradient‐enhanced damage model, where non‐locality is introduced at the level of displacements. As soon as the damage parameter is close or equal to 1, a traction‐free crack is introduced. To determine the direction of crack growth, a new criterion is proposed. In contrast to traditional techniques, where mechanical criteria are used to define the crack path, here, a geometrical approach is used. More specifically, given a regularised damage field D( x ), we propose to propagate the discontinuity following the direction dictated by the medial axis of the isoline (or isosurface in 3D) D( x ) = D*. The proposed approach is tested on different two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional examples that illustrate that this combined methodology is able to deal with damage growth and material separation. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

三氧化钨氢还原时碱金属元素引起的钨粉超常规粗化现象

研究了锂、钠、钾在氢还原二氧化钨时引起产物钨粉超常规粗化现象的特点、差别。锂是使钨粉晶粒长大的最佳掺杂元素，当它的掺入量≥400×10－6、还原温度≥1000℃时，可以获得FSSS粒度达100μp的特粗结晶钨粉。     

防止河道断流的最小生态环境需水量

桑干河流域属于干旱半干旱区，降水量少，水土流失严重，生态环境十分脆弱。由于水资源短缺，水资源开发利用与生态环境矛盾十分突出，造成城市用水和工业用水挤占农业用水，农业用水又挤占生态用水的格局，引起自然植被退化、河流断流、河床淤积、地下水大面积超采等一系列生态环境问题。本文以桑干河流域为研究对象，以生态环境需水量理论为基础，提出了河道在保证不断流临界状态下河流最小环境需水量的计算方法，即为防止河道断流的最小生态需水量。     

4Cr5MoSiV1热作模具钢热疲劳中碳化物粗化动力学分析

用透射电子显微分析了4Cr5MoSiV1钢热疲劳后的显微结构变化，结果表明，在热疲劳过程中M23C6碳化物粒子发生粗化，M23C6的尺寸r和热疲劳循环次数间并不服从简单的指数关系。表明经典理论不完全适合M23C6碳化物在热疲劳过程中的粗化行为。从经典扩散理论出发，考虑多组元扩散问题，得到了球状碳化物在热疲劳过程中的粗化方程。根据Thermo-calc热力学计算结果，进一步证实了富Cr的M23C6碳化物在热疲劳过程中为易粗化碳化物，与实验结果吻合。     

跳回失稳研究

本文以单元形函数作为单位分解函数，位移间断用富集节点的附加自由度表示，建立了允许单元内部位移非连续的统一位移场函数。结合粘结裂纹模型，研究了结构从延性到脆性失稳的特性以及引起脆性破坏的影响因素。数值计算表明：增加脆性指数可以提高结构的承载稳定性；初始预制缝可以增加结构延性但会降低极限承载力。     

Computer-Assisted Dispersion Analysis of Porosity Variation in Metals

The system analysis of porous materials is described analytically and its application is illustrated. The reliability of the method is estimated using the relations among the moments of the distribution function for micropore sizes. The method can be used to correlate the time variation of the experimental histograms and intravolume processes. __________ Translated from Kibernetika i Sistemnyi Analiz, No. 5, pp. 177–183, September–October 2005.     

Coarsening of Faceted Crystals

The influence of the nucleation energy barrier on the capillary-driven coarsening of faceted crystals that exchange material by diffusion is quantified. Our calculations are based on the assumption that the transport of material between particles must happen in series with the nucleation of partial layers on flat facets. Using a numerical model based on this idea, we simulate the time evolution of distributions of crystals that are made up of perfect faceted crystals (without step-producing defects), crystals containing step-producing defects, and mixtures of the two types. We find that the coarsening of a distribution containing only perfect faceted crystals is arrested at a size where the nucleation energy barrier becomes prohibitive. This critical size ranges from a few nanometers to several hundred nanometers, depending on material parameters and experimental conditions. When a small fraction of the crystals have step-producing defects (for these crystals the nucleation energy barrier vanishes), they can grow to large sizes at the expense of the perfect crystals and a bimodal grain size distribution is created. Based on these results, we hypothesize that when abnormal coarsening is observed in nature, it results from the presence of a small number of crystals with step-producing defects.